Dictators and corruption in drug war politics

Approximately $1 billion in annual U.S. foreign aid is provided for domestic drug enforcement operations in foreign countries. The money is allocated through multiple U.S. federal agencies. An exact number for the total funding is obtained only by adding up each agency’s share of the amount.

Every year the Caribbean region receives $50-100 million to aid in drug enforcement. Mexico, Central America, and the Andean region each get $100-150 million; Colombia gets $150-200 million; and global-multi-regional programs are awarded $200-300 million.

Foreign governments are free to use the drug enforcement money as they choose. There is no escrow account or anything similar itemizing how the money is spent. Systemic corruption is inevitable. Many dictators apply foreign aid to lining their own pockets and that of their political coalition members instead of wasting it on unwinnable drug wars.

It’s not as if the U.S. government is unaware of the diverted funds. Bribing puppet dictators is a standard operating procedure. The details of the process and its popularity is described in The Dictator’s Handbook: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics, written by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alistair Smith. The book’s theme is that a dictator’s primary concern will always be to do whatever is possible to retain power. Nothing else matters to them.

Retaining power requires a lot of money, especially in Central and South America. From the perspective of the dictator, if the foreign aid were enough to eliminate drug cartels then funding for future drug enforcement might be curtailed or eliminated. Dictators are encouraged by these circumstances to prefer a thriving and robust illegal drug economy as it ensures more foreign aid will be forthcoming in the future.

In addition to propping up dictators, drug wars provide politicians and American citizens with a false sense of assurance that progress is being made in controlling drug trafficking. Most North American taxpayers would be surprised if they knew their money was being gifted to dictators using the drug war as a cover. It’s worse for people living in Central and South America who are forced to suffer the repression and impoverishment of their homelands brought on by dictatorial leaders.

A full disclosure of drug war corruption is overdue. A successful disclosure would require at least two steps. In the first step Congress would need to remove or repeal the section from the Title VII Office National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998: H11225 which states:

Responsibilities. –The Director – […]

(12) shall ensure that no Federal funds appropriated to the Office of National Drug Control Policy shall be expended for any study or contract relating to the legalization (for a medical use or any other use) of a substance listed in schedule I of section 202 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812) and take such actions as necessary to oppose any attempt to legalize the use of a substance (in any form) that – (1) is listed in schedule I of section 202 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812); and (2) has not been approved for use for medical purposes by the Food and Drug Administration;…

Opposing attempts to fund Schedule I drugs to investigate potential medical use encourages the ONDCP and DEA to ignore the accuracy or legitimacy of any statements they make opposing illicit drugs and their legalization. False pronouncements about certain Schedule I drugs and a refusal to recognize their possible benefits adds to the toxic disinformation already in place. It aids and abets those who distort information to simulate democratic procedures in ways that undermine democracy and engineer support for tyrants.

Step two would require the government to clarify the intent of drug enforcement foreign aid by recognizing its true purpose. This can be achieved by giving it a more descriptive name, such as the False Flag Funding Subsidy (FFFS), the Drug War Deception Grant (DWDG), or the Petty Dictator Slush Fund (PDSF). Taxpayers will appreciate knowing how their money is spent.

Any country that relies heavily on false propaganda about drugs, the drug war, or anything else, risks endangering itself. Misinformation and disinformation corrode the information environment that governments and citizens depend upon to make rational decisions. Once that environment collapses everything it rests upon begins to decay. In its self-inflicted strategic blindness the propaganda driven state eventually deceives itself, not just its population. The results include bad decisions, weakened institutions, and long-term instability.

The United Nations notes that disinformation can undermine public policy, amplify tensions, and harm human rights. It can accelerate political polarization and social fragmentation. Responses to crises like those encountered with the COVID-19 pandemic are hindered by public health messages that misinform. Short-term gains are outweighed by long-term costs. Long term economic and scientific stagnation occurs. Regimes become brittle and oppressive.

Stopping the drug war’s assault on humanity is complicated. Drug war corruption strengthens many other types of corruption. When someone gets arrested for drugs, killed in an inner-city battle over drug territories, or blown to bits in a fishing boat off Venezuela’s coast, it severely affects the lives of that person’s siblings, parents, and other family members. Survivors’ lives need to be considered. Opposition to drug wars emerges as a battle aimed at combating disinformation, dictators, and professional prohibitionists whose lives hinge on nothing more than remaining in power.

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6 Responses to Dictators and corruption in drug war politics

  1. Servetus says:

    Defunding syringe service programs could lead to an additional 39,600 deaths worldwide:

    18-Jun-2026 — A new study … projects that reductions in federal funding for syringe service programs (SSPs) could lead to substantial increases in mortality among people who inject drugs in the United States.

    Researchers from the University of Colorado Anschutz examined the potential long-term effects of federal funding cuts to SSPs using a microsimulation model representing people who inject drugs nationwide in a variety of funding reduction scenarios over a five-year period. SSPs provide evidence-based harm reduction services, including sterile syringe access, naloxone distribution and wound care as well as provide access to medications for opioid use disorder and connections to health and social services.

    “Our findings suggest that disruptions to SSP funding like the ones currently proposed are likely to have serious and measurable consequences for public health,” says Kirk Fetters, MD. […]

    Researchers modeled scenarios in which total SSP funding was cut by 11% and 80%, lower and upper estimates of how much funding comes to SSPs from federal sources across the US. Across all scenarios, all-cause mortality increased 0.1-5%, and overdose mortality increased 0.2-6.9% over five years. In the worst-case scenario, at 80% sustained reduction in federal funding, the model projected 39,600 additional deaths overall among people who inject drugs nationwide, 15,600 of which would be due to overdose.

    “These estimates underscore the critical role that SSPs play in preventing overdose deaths and supporting the health of vulnerable populations,” says Josh Barocas, MD, associate professor at CU Anschutz and study senior author. “Policies that reduce access to these services will have far-reaching consequences that extend well beyond the immediate funding cuts themselves and impede our ability to end the overdose crisis. This is a time we should be doubling down on evidence-based strategies to curtail overdoses, not cutting funding.” […]

    AAAS Public Science News Release: New study projects thousands of preventable deaths if federal support for syringe service programs is reduced–modeling study estimates up to 39,600 additional deaths over five years among people who inject drugs

    JAMA: Projected Outcomes of Reducing Federal Funding for Syringe Service Programs via Executive Order

    Authors: Kirk B. Fetters, MD; Pranav Padmanabhan, MPH; Kristina Yamkovoy, MA; Xiaoyu Guan, MPH; Sarah E. Scott, MD, MSc; Lauren Kerr, MPH; Kathleen Joseph, MD, MPH; Gwenyth L. Day, MD; Marina Plesons, MPH; Tyler S. Bartholomew, PhD; Hansel E. Tookes, MD, MPH; Alia Al-Tayyib, PhD, MSPH; Joshua A. Barocas, MD.

  2. Servetus says:

    Suggestions are offered by researchers on how to make opioid dependence therapy more successful:

    18-Jun-2026 — Amy Bagshaw at Imperial College London, the first author of the paper, said: “In our experience as an addiction research team, many people with opioid dependence do want to come off opioids and their substitutes completely, at some stage. But few people are managing to do this successfully every year. Having reviewed the evidence and the factors involved in successful withdrawal, we believe these steps could really help to improve the present situation.”

    She added: “Staff at addiction services may not be aware of how to adequately support individuals through the detoxification process, or how to approach the initial conversations.”

    Globally, 16 million people have been diagnosed with opioid dependence and there are over 120,000 opioid overdose deaths a year. Patients can be treated with opioid substitution therapy, involving treatments like buprenorphine and methadone, sometimes coupled with psychosocial support. This has resulted in improved wellbeing and long-term stability for many patients. While for many this is sufficient, and complete detoxification is often not recommended for people with addiction problems, many people decide they want to come off the substitute therapies completely. But withdrawal is notoriously challenging.

    The researchers note that the number of individuals leaving their treatment ‘free of opioid dependence’ in England has been falling over the last decade, from around 37% to around 23%.* […]

    The study found that key barriers to success included psychological challenges, such as fear of withdrawal, relapse and instability; low confidence or motivation; and physical challenges including severe withdrawal symptoms during the dose taper. Social environmental and service-related factors strongly influenced outcomes, with unstable housing, negative social networks, and inadequate professional support all hindering detoxification. The researchers also highlight a lack of recommended medicines to alleviate the emergence of opioid withdrawal symptoms. These varied symptoms are currently treated with a mixture of benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antihistamine, and anti-inflammatories. The only drug licensed to support multiple symptoms of opioid withdrawal, Lofexidine, is no longer available in the UK, although it is available in the United States. […]

    AAAS Public Science News Release: Time for better opioid detoxification strategies, researchers say — addiction services must urgently consider the way in which they offer support for opioid substitute withdrawal

    Addiction Journal: Barriers and facilitators to detoxification from opioid substitution treatment: A mixed-methods systematic review

    Authors: Amy Bagshaw, Suleyman Shah, India Olchefske, Louise M. Paterson, Mike J. Crawford, Anne Lingford-Hughes

  3. Servetus says:

    Traumatic brain injuries or concussions have been treated in rats using a single macro-dose of psilocybin that reduces symptoms and targets the biological effects of concussion on the brain:

    15-Jun-2026 – There are few effective therapies for the debilitating long-term effects of mild traumatic brain injury, more commonly known as concussion.

    But researchers now think psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in some mushrooms, could be the answer.

    A recent preclinical study from Monash University indicate that a single macro-dose of the drug can reduce the symptoms that often show up after brain injury.

    The project will leverage leading-edge capability and track record in neuro-imaging and biomarkers of psychedelics within the Monash Trauma Group, and clinical implementation and assessment within the Clinical Psychedelic Lab. […]

    Lead researcher on the trial, Professor Terence O’Brien, Head of Monash University’s School of Translational Medicine, Program Director Alfred Brain, and Deputy Director of Research at Bayside Health Alfred, said the clinical trial is a huge step forward and will provide hope to many patients. […]

    “In addition to alleviating symptoms, research suggests it can also target the biological effects concussion has on the brain.” […]

    AAAS Public Science News Release: Monash researchers launch new clinical trial testing psychedelic therapy for post-concussion symptoms — Australia’s first clinical trial to test whether the psychedelic drug psilocybin is an effective treatment for persisting post-concussion symptoms

    Cell Reports Medicine: Psilocybin restores behavior and 5-HT2A signaling while reducing microglial density after chronic traumatic brain injury in rats

    Authors: Josh Allen; Bianca Jupp; Tamara L. Baker; Mohammad B. Haskali; Robert Brkljača1; Zoe Plummer; Mujun Sun; Justin Brand; Brian R. Christie; Chantel T. Debert; Stuart J. McDonald; Terence J. O’Brien; Pablo M. Casillas-Espinosa; and Sandy R. Shultz.

  4. Servetus says:

    Orangutans intentionally select and consume medicinal plants in observations of orangutans living in a peat-swamp forest in Central Kalimantan:

    18-Jun-2026 — Orangutans seek out plants with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties, new research shows.

    Based on 20 years of observations of orangutans in Indonesian Borneo, scientists assessed how often the animals ate plants with known medicinal benefits.

    The findings suggest orangutans eat combinations of plants in specific sequences – consistent with “self-medication” seen in other species.

    It’s not clear how they learn to do this, but the researchers think it may involve instinct and/or behaviour passed down over many generations. […]

    …findings suggest they selectively consume certain plants with medicinal properties in ways that go beyond simple nutrition.

    “What makes the findings interesting is that some plant species appeared together in the orangutan diet far more often than we would expect by chance.

    “Several of these plants are known to contain compounds linked to antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or wound-healing effects.

    “Importantly, many of these plants are not major parts of the orangutan diet overall, suggesting they may be eaten for specific benefits rather than as everyday food sources.”

    Chimpanzees are known to engage in “self-medication”, for example by eating plants that reduce internal parasite infections. Similar behaviours have also been observed in bonobos, gibbons and gorillas. […]

    AAAS Public Science News Releases: Orangutans seek out medicinal plants

    Scientific Reports: Investigating medicinal resource combinations in the Bornean orangutan diet

    Authors: G. Allen, E. Freymann, J. d’Oliveira Coelho, H. Shagara, I. Shinyo, A. Panda, A. Jaya, K. J. Hockings & H. C. Morrogh-Bernard.

  5. Servetus says:

    Cannabis terpenes are effective for treating pain due to fibromyalgia and post-operative procedures:

    20 JUN 2026 — “Our research is showing that terpenes are not a good option for reducing acute pain resulting from an injury, such as stubbing your toe or touching a hot stove; however, we are seeing significant reductions in pain when terpenes are used for chronic or pathological pain,” said Streicher, who is a professor in the U of A College of Medicine — Tucson’s Department of Pharmacology. “This study was the first to investigate the impact of terpenes in preclinical models of fibromyalgia and post-operative pain and expand the scope of potential pain-relieving treatments using terpenes.” […]

    Terpenes are natural compounds responsible for the scent and flavor of many plants. In cannabis, they contribute to the plant’s distinctive aroma and may also have medicinal properties.

    Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, terpenes do not produce the unwanted psychoactive effects commonly associated with cannabis. That makes them an appealing area of research for scientists searching for new pain treatments.

    For this study, researchers examined four terpenes commonly found in Cannabis sativa: geraniol, linalool, beta-caryophyllene, and alpha-humulene.

    In mouse models of fibromyalgia and post-operative pain, all four compounds produced substantial pain-relieving effects. Geraniol delivered the strongest results, followed by linalool, beta-caryophyllene, and alpha-humulene. […]

    “With fibromyalgia, there isn’t much understanding of what the pain state is, and there are not a lot of great options for treating it,” Streicher said. “Our findings show that terpenes may be a viable treatment option for fibromyalgia pain, which could potentially have a large impact and make a difference for an under-treated population.” […]

    The researchers also explored whether terpenes could help with pain following surgery.

    Post-surgical pain occupies a unique middle ground between acute and chronic pain. Although it is typically temporary, surgery triggers biological changes including inflammation and increased sensitivity within the body’s pain pathways, which can intensify discomfort.

    “Opioids do a good job controlling post-surgical pain, but they can cause constipation that can increase the chances of post-surgical complications such as adhesions,” Streicher said. “We are always looking for better options, and this study suggests that terpenes could be a novel therapeutic for post-operative pain.” […]

    Todd Vanderah, PhD, director of the Comprehensive Center for Pain & Addiction at U of A Health Sciences and professor and head of the Department of Pharmacology at the U of A College of Medicine — Tucson, said the findings underscore the value of exploring chemicals produced by nature.

    “The research that is being done by Dr. Streicher’s lab on terpenes and their potential to help those who suffer from chronic pain demonstrates the importance of basic research. There are hundreds of unique chemicals that plants make, including the Cannabis plant, that are undiscovered,” Vanderah said.

    “Nature is incredible at making unique chemical structures, and many of these chemicals are unknowns when it comes to their abilities to aid in human health, diseases and disorders. A great current example is medication semaglutide, sold under the brand name Ozempic, which has a chemical structure that was isolated not from a plant, but from an animal that is prevalent in the Southwest, the Gila monster. These discoveries from natural products through research such as Dr. Streicher’s can result in very useful medications.” […]

    The team also found that the compounds appeared to act through the same biological pathway identified in previous terpene studies.

    Specifically, the pain-relieving effects were linked to the adenosine A2a receptor — a receptor that caffeine targets and blocks — suggesting that terpenes may also have sedative properties. Researchers say that possibility warrants further investigation. […]

    ScienceDaily Releases: Scientists found a cannabis compound that relieves pain without the high — cannabis aroma compounds may hold the key to powerful pain relief .

    Springer Nature Link: Select terpenes from Cannabis sativa are antinociceptive in mouse models of post-operative pain and fibromyalgia via adenosine A2a receptors .

    Authors: Caleb A. Seekins, Alyssa M. Welborn, Abigail M. Schwarz, John M. Streicher.

  6. Servetus says:

    Taking psychedelics for the first time on Independence Day produces a unifying cultural moment that results in opposition to violence:

    4-Jul-2026 – Research published this month … finds that the cultural moment surrounding a psychedelic experience may meaningfully shape its aftermath — with Independence Day standing out as a potentially unifying one. In a longitudinal study of 21,990 U.S. adults, participants whose most intense psychedelic experience fell on the Fourth of July reported decreased support for partisan violence at follow-up. The pattern reversed for those whose most intense experience coincided with the national party conventions or dates closer to Election Day, where support for partisan violence instead increased. The authors argue the findings offer preliminary evidence for the idea that shared cultural mood can potentially shape a trip’s psychological effects.

    AAAS Public Science News Release: This Fourth of July, a new study in Psychedelic Medicine suggests the holiday’s meaning may shape more than just the mood

    Sage Journals: Politically Salient Events May Modulate Effects of Naturalistic Psychedelic Use on Support for Partisan Violence

    Authors: Otto Simonsson, Peter S. Hendricks, and Simon B. Goldberg.

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